Hindi Verbs (힌디어 동사)

힌디어 동사에 대한 종합 가이드입니다.

Verb Basics (동사 기초)

Aspect Markers (완료 여부)

Marker Meaning Korean
따 (taa) Incomplete/Habitual 미완료
아 (aa) Completed 완료
라하 (rahaa) Ongoing 진행

Tense Markers (시점)

Marker Meaning Korean
해 (hai) Present 현재
타 (thaa) Past 과거

Be Verb (be 동사 - होना honaa)

Key Points

  • 인칭, 수에 따라 변화됨. 성별과는 상관 없음
  • 1인칭 단수, 1인칭 복수
  • 2인칭 단수, 2인칭 복수/존칭
  • 3인칭

Present Tense Conjugation

Hindi Romanization English Note
मैं हूँ main hoon I am  
हम हैं ham hain We are  
तू है too hai You are (Intimate) 엄청 친밀한 경우, 상대를 그대라고 칭하는 것처럼
आप हैं aap hain You are (Formal) 여럿이 있을 때 존칭을 사용하듯, 상대에게 존칭
तुम हो tum ho You are (Casual)  

Third Person

Hindi Romanization English
यह है yeh hai He/She/This is (Near)
ये हैं ye hain These/They are (Near)
वह है voh hai He/She/That is (Far)
वे हैं ve hain Those/They are (Far)

Summary

  • Hai - 3인칭 (is)
  • Hain - 존칭 (are)
  • Hoon - 자신 (am)
  • Ho - 상대

Past Tense (과거형)

Hindi Romanization English Usage
था thaa was Singular Masculine
थे the were Plural Masculine
थी thee was Singular Feminine
थीं theen were Plural Feminine

Examples

मैं घर पर था (main ghar par thaa)

  • I was at home (said by a male)

आप कहाँ थे? (aap kahaan the?)

  • Where were you?

ओबामा भारत में थे (obaamaa bhaarat men the)

  • Obama was in India. (존칭으로써서 the)

Regular Verbs (일반 동사)

Key Rules

주어(subject)의 성별/수에 따라 형태가 달라짐:

  • 남성
  • 남성 복수
  • 여성

Root Form (원형)

-ना (naa)

  • सीखना (seekhnaa) - to learn

Present Tense (현재형)

Ending Usage Example
~ता (taa) Masculine Singular मैं खाता हूँ (main khaataa hoon) - I eat (male)
~ते (te) Masculine Plural हम पीते हैं (ham peete hain) - We drink
~ती (tee) Feminine (Singular/Plural) वह पढ़ती है (voh parhtee hai) - She reads

Present Continuous Tense (현재 진행형)

Ending Usage Example
रहा (rahaa) Masculine Singular मैं पाकिस्तान जा रहा हूँ (main paakistaan jaa rahaa hoon) - I am going to Pakistan (male)
रहे (rahe) Masculine Plural हम लिख रहे हैं (ham likh rahe hain) - We are writing
रही (rahee) Feminine तुम हिन्दी नहीं बोल रही हो (tum hindee naheen bol rahee ho) - You are not speaking Hindi (female)

Past Continuous Tense (과거 진행형)

hai를 thaa로 변경. thaa는 be동사의 과거형 참조

मैं चल रहा हूँ (main cal rahaa hoon)

  • I am walking (male)

यह समोसे खा रही थी (yeh samose khaa rahee thee)

  • She was eating samosas.

अनिल सो रहा था (anil so rahaa thaa)

  • Anil was sleeping.

Note: rahaa를 다 발음안하고 ra만 발음 하는 경우도 있음

  • main cal ra thaa

Future Tense (미래형)

-naa hai -> (e: hai에 따라 달라짐(인칭)) g (aa: naa의 변형에 따라 달라짐(성별))

일반동사는 hai와 같이 쓰는데, 이건 hai와 같이 쓰지 않는 대신에, hai와 비슷하게 성별에 따라서도 형태 변환이 일어난다.

First Person

Type Formation Example
Masculine Singular naa + oon = oongaa मैं -ऊँगा (main -oongaa) - I will
Feminine nee + oon = oongee मैं -ऊँगी (main -oongee) - I will
Masculine Plural ne + hain = enge हम -एँगे (ham -enge) - We will
Feminine Plural nee + hain = engee आप -एँगी (aap -engee) - You will (Formal)

Second Person

Type Formation Example
Singular (too hai) naa + hai = egaa तू -एगा (too -egaa) - You will (Very Informal)
Singular (tum ho) Exception: naa + ho = oge तुम -ओगे (tum -oge) - You will (Informal)
Plural (aap hain) ne + hain = enge आप -एँगे (aap -enge) - You will (Formal)

Note: tum -oge is an exception to the normal rules

Third Person

Type Formation Example
Singular naa + hai = egaa यह/वह -एगा (yeh/voh -egaa) - He/It will
Plural ne + hain = enge ये/वे -एँगे (ye/ve -enge) - They will

Imperative Verb (명령형)

Add इए (ie) to the root

सेब को खाइए (seb ko khaaie)

  • Please eat the apple.

Irregular Forms

Root Meaning Imperative
करना (karnaa) to do कीजिए (keejie) - Please do
लेना (lenaa) to take लीजिए (leejie) - Please take
देना (denaa) to give दीजिए (deejie) - Please give
पीना (peenaa) to drink पीजिए (peejie) - Please drink

Auxiliary Verbs (조동사)

Can (सकना saknaa)

सीमा हिन्दी बोल सकती है (seemaa hindee bol saktee hai)

  • Seema can speak Hindi

Can Not

नहीं, तुम वह नहीं खा सकती (naheen, tum voh naheen khaa saktee)

  • No, you can’t eat that.

Verb Variations (동사 변형)

करना (Karna - to do)

Meaning Root Past
do करना किया

Tense Summary Table (시제 정리표)

Tense Singular Plural/Honorific
Present Continuous main kar raha hu aap kar rahe ho
Present (Habitual) main kar ta hu  
Past (dia: give) maine kar dia hai kya apne kar dia hai?
Past (lia: take/receive) maine kha lia hai kya apne kha lia hai?
Past (ya: motion) jana -> gaya, chala gaya chale gaye
Future (unga) main karunga, main hindi padhunga aap kam karenge

Notes on Past Tense

  • 타, 리아, 디아, 가야 - 과거형
  • 타는 be동사 과거형, 따는 do동사 현재형
  • Bolna -> bola (불규칙 과거형)

I’m going to do

Main karne hi wala tha (Present continuous intention)

Let’s do something

  • milte hai - Let’s meet
  • chalie - Let’s go